Monday, 31 December 2012

Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide

breast-cancer-pictures-screening-guide
Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide .
Several studies have been conducted to evaluate and demonstrate that mammography can be used as a method in the detection of breast cancer. With that statement, that a decrease in the risk of death in women receiving screening, particularly in women aged between 50 years to 69 years of age. However, you also need to know more about screening by using mammography, because there are not only positive effects obtained, but also the negative impact caused by its use.

Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide By Using mamography. What Kinds Of Medical Device Types Is It?

Mammography is the process of examination by using X-ray energies that are low power (usually the power has around 30 kVp), which is used to perform breast. In accordance with its main function is as a diagnostic and screening tool. The purpose of the mammographic equipment in use that as a beginning step in the early detection (early) on cancer cells or other abnormalities that are likely to occur in the breast, as a means to detect the characteristic mass or commonly also called microcalcifications.
The way it works is similar to other x-ray, the mammogram which is use an ionizing radiation in accordance with a particular dose in displaying images. And that's where the radiologist can analyze, to look at the possibility of whether a person's breasts or any anomalies found other abnormalities that are not normal and unusual.

Mammography can also have a negative allegedly false with min.10% level of analysis, this can happen if there is a normal tissue that has united / overlap with cancer cells and at the bottom there is a dense network of breast tissue and cancer that has spread widespread. Several studies from the meta-analysis in certain countries that use screening, an estimated 52% stated yield over-diagnosis.

  • Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide That Should Be Done Before Doing The Test

The breast is compressed by using a special tool mammography during the procedure. Technically, the parallel plate compression of the breast tissue thickness appeared to improve image quality, by reducing the thickness of the tissue to be penetrated by X-rays, in this way the amount of radiation can be reduced, the amount of the dose can be adjusted, and the state holds breast. In the screening, either from the head down to the foot of the craniocaudal, also from the elbow mediolateral oblique image was the breast scans may be taken.

Difficulties that occurred in previous years, screening only be done using the help of screens a film cassette, but now derived ease of technology, the use of a screening tool that has been switched to digital detection devices commonly known as FFDM or digital mammography.
  • Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide Ratio

Which One The Bigger, The Risk Or The Worth One In Undergoing Screening?
Detection of breast cancer is the appropriate action for women who have shown symptoms of the cancer cells, especially the abnormalities that occur in the breast, but the detection is done on healthy women undergoing screening must remain a concern for its users, because it would result in a significant if something goes wrong during the process, or the result of an improper diagnosis that can cause stress in their life.

Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide : The Benefits 
The purpose of the screening procedure to ensure it is correct accurately for patients with breast cancer and also to determine the degree of malignancy of cancer cells, so that patients get immediate treatment measures to more precisely and promptly. Then, patients who have tested positive for breast cancer referred for more intensive inspection, which resulted in the prevention and healing.

Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide : The Risk 
The first risk to a woman or someone that proposed screening would have an impact on psychiatric to the patients which is undergoing on these tests. Why? Because, often happens that patients with suspected of having the breast cancer will perform continuously, and have a negative impact in turn on their mental health. Undeniably, anxiety and excessive worry will descend in their daily lives for several or many years, which would be things that are not good for their health later then.
The second risk, the patient will be lose the cost, if the screening program was carried out more than 1x (one time), but with a negative test result (net of cancer cells). Because, in the 1x test underwent mammography relative cost is not small / means expensive.
Risks that last test execution is the radiation exposure received by the body, especially in women who have no symptoms of breast cancer. Therefore, in general, the radiologist will recommend an MRI or ultrasound prior to the patient's predicted breast cancer disease. The test mammography is the last option if it appears that support possibilities, as already felt some mass in the breast, a positive family history of cancer, and other symptoms that lead to other things that are not normal.
  • Breast Cancer Pictures Screening Guide Fact

Sometimes, the data obtained in undergoing screening will be highly inaccurate, which is due to the amount of dense breast tissue in women who are still young. Therefore, some medical personnel just call women who have reached the age of> 50 years to test this mammogram.

Monday, 24 December 2012

Breast Cancer Pictures Stages


Breast Cancer Pictures Stages.
Based on the association of oncology surgeons in the country, breast cancer survival / survival rate per stage by relying on the average prognosis is as follows:
  • Stage 0
10-years survival rate of 98% (non-breast cancer detected by mammography / ultrasound)
  • Stage 1
5-years survival rate is around 85%
  • Stage 2
5-years survival rate is around 60-70%
  • Stage 3
5-years survival rate is around 30-50%
  • Stage 4
5-years survival rate is around 15%

 

Breast Cancer Stages Pictures Based On TNM System

During the earlier breast cancer is treatable with surgery intensive where accompanied by removal of bone and muscles around the breast tissue. Treatment measures that are less extreme but still an extensive surgery that had been performed by Halsted as a standard treatment in the late of 19th century. (Halsted WS. 1895).


Beginning in the mid-20th century, clinicians began to realize that not all breast cancer prognosis and require relatively equal treatment measures. In 1904 an expert from German, dr.Steinthal, proposed the division of breast cancer into 3 (three) levels prognosis: a small tumor, localized to the breast tissue (stage 1), larger tumors that start involving glands axilla (stage II ), and tumors that clearly began to invade the surrounding breast tissue (stage III), (CD Haagensen, 1956). This simple division began refurbished by Grenough, who based distribution with an examination of the specimens using a microscope (RB Greenough, 1925).


System tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) was first developed by Pierre Denoix in 1942, and published to classify cancers based on tumor morphology that will determine the prognosis, the size of the primary tumor (T), presence or involvement tidaknye lymph nodes (N) and the presence of metastasis (M). The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) issued a new classification system based on the TNM in 1958 (International Union Against Cancer, 1858).


For the clinician, this staging system is useful. Due to the staging system can be estimated prognosis. There is a relationship between cancer stage with the 10-years relative survival in breast cancer patients. There are significant differences between stage breast cancer. As many as 5-12% of patients stage stage I / II died in the first 10 years after diagnosis, compared to stage III patients were more than 60%, and more than 90% in patients with stage IV. Breast cancer staging system also provides information about appropriate treatment options by stage (Bland KI, et al. 1998).


Breast Cancer Pictures Stages Table Of Breast Cancer TNM Classification

These breast cancer pictures stages classification table refer to the AJCC cancer staging manual, the 6th edition.

Classification & Definition
Primary Tumor (T)
Tx  : Primary tumor can not be found
To  : There is no evidence of primary tumor
Tis : Carsinoma In Situ
Tis : (DCIS    Ductal Carsinoma In Situ
   Tis (LCIS): Lobular Carsinoma In Situ
   Tis(Paget): Paget's Disease in the absence of tumor
TI  : Tumor size <2cm
   TImic     : Microinfasif >0,1 cm
   Tia       : Tumor >0,1 - <0,5cm
   TIb       : Tumor >0,5 - <1 cm
   Tic       : Tumor >1 - <2 cm
T2  : Tumor >2 - <5 cm
T3  : Tumor >5 cm
T4  : Tumor of any size with the presence of adhesions in the
      thoracic wall or skin.
   T4a       : Attached to the chest wall, excluding 
               M. Pectoralis major.
   T4b       : Edema (including peau d'orange) or ulceration of
               the skin, or satellite nodules in the breast.
   T4c       : The combination of T4a and T4B
   T4d       : Inflammatory carcinoma
Lymph Nodes      
Regional (N)     
Nx  : Regional lymph nodes was not obtained
No  : No metastasis to the lymph nodes
N1  : Lymph node metastasis in ipsilateral axilla, a mobile
N2  : Metastasis in ipsilateral axilla lymph nodes can not be 
      moved (fixed)
N   : Metastasis in infraclavicular lymph nodes, or the internal 
      mammary glands, or supraclavicular lymph node
Metastasis (M)  : Distant metastasis can not be found
Mx              : Distant metastasis can not be found
M0              : No evidence of metastasis
M1              : Obtained M1 organ metastases that have achieved


Breast Cancer Stages Pictures Table Of Clinical Stages TNM Classification

These breast cancer pictures stages classification table refer to the AJCC cancer staging manual, the 6th edition.


Stadium    Tumor Size    Metastasis Lymph Gland   Metastasis Far
0          Tis           N0                       M0
I          TI            N0                       M0
IIa        T0            N1                       M0
           T1            N1                       M0
           T2            N0                       M0
IIb        T2            N1                       M0
           T3            N0                       M0
IIIa       TO            N2                       M0
           T1            N2                       M0
           T2            N2                       M0
           T3            N1, N2                   M0
IIIb       T4            N any                    M0
           T any         N3                       M0
IV         T any         N any                    M1
TNM : Tumor Nodes Metastasis


Explanation from breast cancer pictures stages table above :
breast-cancer-pictures-stages
  • Stage 0
Stage of breast cancer cells remain in the mammary gland, without an invasion into adjacent normal of breast tissue.
  • Stage I
Is 2cm or less and clear boundaries (normal lymph nodes).
  • Stage IIA
The tumor was not found in the breast, but the cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes, or tumor size of 2 cm or less and has spread to the underarm lymph nodes / aksiller, or tumors larger than 2 cm but not greater than 5cm and has not spread to lymph nodes.
  • Stage IIB
Tumors larger than 2 cm, but no greater than 5cm and has spread to the lymph nodes associated with the armpit, or tumors larger than 5cm but has not spread to lymph nodes.
  • Stage IIIA
Not found in breast tumors. Cancer is found in axillary lymph nodes are attached together or with other structures, or cancer found in the lymph nodes near the breast bone, or tumor any size where the cancer has spread to the underarm lymph nodes, there was sticking to other structures, or cancer found in the lymph nodes near the breastbone.
  • Stage IIIB
Tumors of a certain size and has spread to the chest wall and / or skin of the breast and may have spread to axillary lymph nodes that berlengketan with other structures, or cancer may have spread to lymph nodes near the breastbone. Inflammatory breast cancer (berinflamasi) considered at least stage IIIB.
  • Stage IIIC
Presence or absence of signs of breast cancer or may have spread to the chest wall and / or skin of the breast and the cancer has spread to lymph nodes either above or below the spine and the cancer may have spread to axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the sternum.
  • Stage IV
The cancer has spread or metastases to other parts of the body.

That was the discussion of the breast cancer pictures stages, which is gave you more information to recognize and identifying your body better. By knowing how to check by yourself at breast cancer pictures checking technique article, you can avoid and more awareness of the cancer cells or other abnormalities in the beginning that may arise to your body, especially on the part of your breasts naturally.